A Level Sociology Quiz Exam

Socialization is a fundamental concept in sociology that refers to the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that are necessary for functioning within their society. Various theories of socialization provide different perspectives on how this process occurs. For instance, the symbolic interactionist perspective emphasizes the importance of social interactions and the meanings individuals attach to their experiences. In contrast, structural functionalism views socialization as a means of maintaining social order and cohesion by ensuring that individuals learn the necessary norms and values of their society. In this context, the question presented will focus on the application of these theories in a real-world scenario, allowing students to demonstrate their understanding of how socialization influences behavior and identity formation. By analyzing a situation where a child is exposed to different socializing agents, such as family, peers, and media, students can explore how these influences shape the child’s development and social identity. This approach encourages critical thinking and application of sociological concepts rather than rote memorization.

Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or groups to move within a social hierarchy, which can be influenced by various factors such as education, economic status, and social networks. There are different types of social mobility, including upward mobility (moving to a higher social class) and downward mobility (moving to a lower social class). Factors influencing social mobility can be structural, such as changes in the economy or labor market, or individual, such as personal achievements and family background. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for analyzing social inequalities and the opportunities available to different groups within society. In this question, the scenario presented involves a character named Sarah, who comes from a working-class background but has recently graduated from university and secured a well-paying job in a corporate setting. This situation illustrates upward social mobility, as Sarah’s educational attainment has enabled her to improve her social standing. The question asks which factor primarily contributed to her upward mobility, emphasizing the importance of education as a key driver in facilitating social advancement.

Jean-François Lyotard is best known for his critique of grand narratives and his concept of the “incredulity towards metanarratives.” This idea suggests that in postmodern society, individuals are skeptical of overarching explanations or ideologies that claim to provide universal truths. Instead, Lyotard argues that knowledge is fragmented and constructed through various language games, reflecting diverse perspectives and experiences. Michel Foucault, on the other hand, focuses on the relationship between power and knowledge, emphasizing how societal institutions shape our understanding of truth and reality. He introduces concepts such as “biopower” and “governmentality,” which explore how power operates through social norms and practices rather than through direct coercion. In the context of a modern educational setting, one might observe how these theories manifest in the curriculum and teaching methods. For instance, a school that embraces a postmodern approach may prioritize diverse narratives and critical thinking over a standardized curriculum that promotes a singular historical perspective. This scenario illustrates the practical implications of Lyotard’s and Foucault’s theories, highlighting the importance of recognizing multiple viewpoints and the influence of power dynamics in shaping knowledge.

Informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity are critical ethical principles in sociological research. Informed consent refers to the process of ensuring that participants are fully aware of the nature of the research, including its purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, before agreeing to participate. This principle is vital because it respects the autonomy of individuals and allows them to make informed decisions about their involvement. Confidentiality involves protecting the identity and data of participants, ensuring that their information is not disclosed without their permission. Anonymity goes a step further by ensuring that participants cannot be identified from the data collected, even by the researchers. These principles are essential for maintaining trust between researchers and participants, fostering a respectful research environment, and ensuring that the rights of individuals are upheld. Violating these principles can lead to ethical breaches, harm to participants, and a loss of credibility for the research. Understanding these concepts is crucial for sociologists, as they navigate the complexities of conducting research in a manner that is ethical and respectful of participants’ rights.

Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or groups to move up or down the social hierarchy, which can be influenced by various factors including education, economic conditions, and social networks. There are different types of social mobility: vertical mobility (upward or downward movement in social status), horizontal mobility (movement within the same social level), and intergenerational mobility (changes in social status between different generations within a family). Understanding these concepts is crucial for analyzing how societal structures and individual circumstances interact to affect people’s lives. In the context of the question, we consider a scenario where a young individual from a low-income background receives a scholarship to attend a prestigious university. This situation exemplifies upward social mobility, as the scholarship provides access to higher education, which is often a key factor in improving one’s social status. The question tests the student’s ability to identify the type of mobility represented in this scenario and to understand the broader implications of educational opportunities on social stratification. The incorrect options may include scenarios that reflect horizontal mobility (such as changing jobs within the same income bracket) or downward mobility (such as losing a job and facing financial difficulties), which do not align with the upward movement depicted in the scenario. This encourages students to critically evaluate the nuances of social mobility and the factors that contribute to it.

The concept of socialization is fundamental in sociology, as it refers to the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that are necessary for functioning within their society. Socialization occurs through various agents, including family, peers, education systems, and media, each playing a crucial role in shaping an individual’s identity and social skills. Understanding socialization is essential for analyzing how individuals develop their sense of self and how societal structures influence personal behavior. In the context of the question, the scenario illustrates a young adult reflecting on their upbringing and the various influences that have shaped their worldview. This highlights the importance of recognizing the different agents of socialization and how they contribute to an individual’s development. The correct answer emphasizes the role of socialization in shaping identity, while the other options may represent misconceptions or incomplete understandings of the concept. By analyzing this scenario, students can better grasp the complexities of socialization and its implications for individual behavior and societal norms.

Subcultures and countercultures are essential concepts in sociology that help us understand how groups within a society can develop distinct identities and values that differ from the mainstream culture. A subculture refers to a group of people within a larger culture who share specific beliefs, values, or interests that set them apart, while a counterculture actively opposes the dominant cultural norms and values. For example, the punk movement of the late 20th century can be seen as a counterculture due to its rejection of mainstream music and fashion, advocating for anti-establishment views. Understanding these concepts is crucial for analyzing social dynamics, identity formation, and the impact of cultural diversity on society. In this question, students are asked to apply their understanding of subcultures and countercultures to a specific scenario. By presenting a situation where a group of individuals adopts distinct practices and beliefs that challenge societal norms, students must identify whether this group represents a subculture or a counterculture. This requires critical thinking and the ability to differentiate between the two concepts based on their definitions and implications.

Feminist theory has been a significant framework in sociology, critiquing the ways in which gender inequalities are perpetuated in society. However, it has also faced various critiques that highlight its limitations and areas for improvement. One major critique is that feminist theory can sometimes overlook the intersectionality of gender with other social categories such as race, class, and sexuality. This critique emphasizes that women’s experiences are not monolithic and that different women face unique challenges based on their social identities. Additionally, some argue that feminist theory has historically focused predominantly on the experiences of middle-class white women, thereby marginalizing the voices and experiences of women from diverse backgrounds. This critique calls for a more inclusive approach that recognizes the complexities of identity and the varying impacts of patriarchy across different groups. Furthermore, some scholars argue that feminist theory can be overly focused on victimization, which may inadvertently reinforce stereotypes about women’s roles in society. By addressing these critiques, feminist theory can evolve to provide a more comprehensive understanding of gender dynamics and contribute to more effective social change.

Norms are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern behavior within a society. They can be categorized into three main types: folkways, mores, and taboos. Folkways are the informal norms that dictate everyday behavior, such as dress codes or table manners. They are not strictly enforced and violations typically result in mild social disapproval rather than severe consequences. Mores, on the other hand, are more serious norms that are closely tied to a society’s values and ethics. Violating mores can lead to significant social condemnation or legal repercussions, as they often involve moral judgments about right and wrong. Taboos are the strongest norms, representing actions that are considered completely unacceptable or forbidden within a culture, such as incest or cannibalism. The distinction between these types of norms is crucial for understanding social behavior and the consequences of deviating from societal expectations. In this question, students are asked to identify which scenario best illustrates a violation of a more, thereby testing their understanding of the differences between folkways, mores, and taboos.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations. Social control mechanisms are the strategies and techniques employed by society to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order. In this context, formal social control includes laws and regulations enforced by institutions such as the police and the legal system, while informal social control encompasses societal expectations and peer pressure that guide behavior without formal enforcement. Understanding the interplay between deviance and social control is crucial in sociology, as it reveals how societies define acceptable behavior and respond to those who deviate from these norms. In the scenario presented, the focus is on a community’s response to a teenager who has been caught vandalizing property. The options provided illustrate different forms of social control that could be applied in this situation. The correct answer highlights the use of formal social control, which involves legal repercussions such as arrest or community service. The other options represent informal social control mechanisms, such as peer pressure or community disapproval, which, while influential, do not involve formal legal consequences. This question encourages students to think critically about the various ways societies manage deviance and the implications of these responses.

Primary and secondary deviance are key concepts in understanding how deviant behavior is categorized and perceived in society. Primary deviance refers to initial acts of rule-breaking that do not result in the individual being labeled as a deviant. These acts are often seen as trivial or inconsequential and do not significantly alter the individual’s self-identity. For example, a teenager might skip school once without facing serious consequences or being labeled as a “troublemaker.” In contrast, secondary deviance occurs when an individual is labeled as deviant and begins to adopt this label as part of their identity, often leading to further deviant behavior. This process is heavily influenced by societal reactions and stigmatization. For instance, if the same teenager is caught skipping school multiple times and is labeled as a “bad student,” they may internalize this label and engage in more deviant behaviors, such as truancy or delinquency. Understanding these concepts helps sociologists analyze the social processes that contribute to deviance and the impact of societal labels on individual behavior.

The question focuses on the historical context and impact of LGBTQ+ rights movements, particularly the Stonewall Riots, which are often cited as a pivotal moment in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights in the United States and beyond. The Stonewall Riots occurred in June 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City, where patrons, primarily from the LGBTQ+ community, resisted a police raid. This event is significant because it marked a shift from passive acceptance of discrimination to active resistance and mobilization for rights. The aftermath of the riots led to the formation of various advocacy groups and the annual celebration of Pride Month, emphasizing the importance of visibility and rights for LGBTQ+ individuals. Understanding this context is crucial for students studying sociology, as it illustrates how social movements can emerge from collective experiences of oppression and discrimination. The question encourages students to think critically about the implications of such movements and their role in shaping societal attitudes towards gender and sexuality.

Social structure refers to the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society. It encompasses the roles, norms, and institutions that shape individual behavior and societal interactions. One of the key components of social structure is the concept of social institutions, which are established systems and structures that fulfill essential functions for society, such as family, education, religion, economy, and government. Each institution plays a critical role in maintaining social order and stability, influencing individuals’ lives and societal norms. In this context, understanding how social institutions interact and influence one another is crucial. For example, the education system not only imparts knowledge but also socializes individuals into societal norms and values, preparing them for their roles in the economy and other institutions. Similarly, family structures can affect educational outcomes and economic opportunities. Recognizing these interconnections helps students grasp the complexity of social dynamics and the importance of social institutions in shaping individual and collective experiences. The question presented will assess the student’s understanding of the role of social institutions within the broader framework of social structure, encouraging them to think critically about how these institutions function and interact in society.

Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. This concept is deeply rooted in societal norms, cultural practices, and institutional structures that often privilege one gender over another, typically favoring males in many societies. In the workplace, for instance, gender inequality manifests through wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership roles, and discrimination in hiring practices. Theories such as feminist theory and social constructionism help to explain how gender roles are socially constructed and maintained, leading to systemic inequalities. In a scenario where a company implements a new policy aimed at promoting gender equality, it is essential to analyze the effectiveness of such initiatives. For example, if a company introduces a mentorship program specifically for women to help them advance into leadership positions, one must consider whether this addresses the root causes of gender inequality or merely serves as a superficial solution. The effectiveness of such programs can vary based on organizational culture, existing biases, and the commitment of leadership to foster an inclusive environment. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for evaluating the impact of policies aimed at reducing gender inequality.

Social structure refers to the organized pattern of relationships and institutions that together form the basis of society. It encompasses various social institutions such as family, education, religion, and the economy, which play crucial roles in shaping individual behavior and societal norms. Understanding social structure is essential for analyzing how different institutions interact and influence one another, as well as how they contribute to social stability or change. For instance, the family unit is often seen as the primary social institution responsible for socializing children, while education serves to prepare individuals for participation in the workforce and society at large. In this context, social institutions are the established systems and structures that govern the behavior of individuals within a society. They provide the framework for social order and help to meet the needs of society. Each institution has its own set of norms and values that guide behavior, and they often intersect in complex ways. For example, the education system can reflect and reinforce social inequalities, while also providing opportunities for social mobility. By examining these institutions and their interrelations, sociologists can gain insights into broader social patterns and issues, such as inequality, power dynamics, and cultural norms.

** Participant observation is a qualitative research method commonly used in sociology, where the researcher immerses themselves in the community or group they are studying. This method allows researchers to gain a deeper understanding of social dynamics, behaviors, and cultural practices from an insider’s perspective. Ethnography, closely related to participant observation, involves a comprehensive study of people and cultures through direct observation and interaction. It emphasizes the importance of context and the subjective experiences of individuals within their social environments. In participant observation, the researcher may take on a role within the group, which can lead to ethical dilemmas, such as the potential for bias or the challenge of maintaining objectivity. The depth of insight gained through this method can be invaluable, but it also requires careful consideration of the researcher’s influence on the group and the data collected. In contrast, other observational methods, such as non-participant observation, do not involve the researcher engaging with the subjects, which can limit the depth of understanding. However, it may reduce the risk of bias. Understanding these nuances is crucial for sociologists when choosing the appropriate method for their research. **

The question focuses on the concept of family structures and their functions within society, which is a fundamental topic in A Level Sociology. The family is often seen as a primary social institution that plays a crucial role in socializing children, providing emotional support, and fulfilling economic needs. In this context, the question presents a scenario involving a single-parent family, which is a common family structure in contemporary society. Single-parent families can arise from various circumstances, including divorce, separation, or the choice to raise children independently. This family type often faces unique challenges, such as financial strain and social stigma, but it can also provide strong emotional bonds and resilience. The question encourages students to think critically about the functions of different family types and how they adapt to societal changes. By asking students to identify the primary function of the family in the given scenario, the question assesses their understanding of the theoretical perspectives on family, such as functionalism, which emphasizes the importance of family in maintaining social order and stability. The incorrect options are designed to challenge students’ understanding of family functions, prompting them to differentiate between various roles that families can play in society.

In sociology, symbols play a crucial role in social interaction and meaning-making. Symbols are objects, gestures, sounds, or images that carry particular meanings recognized by people within a culture. They are essential for communication and understanding in social contexts. For instance, a wedding ring symbolizes commitment and marital status, while a national flag represents a country and its values. The interpretation of symbols can vary across different cultures and social groups, which is why understanding the context is vital. Social interaction is the process through which individuals act and react in relation to others. It is through these interactions that individuals create and negotiate meanings. The concept of meaning-making refers to how individuals interpret and give significance to their experiences and the symbols they encounter. This process is influenced by social norms, values, and the shared understanding within a community. In the context of the question, the scenario presented involves a group of friends discussing their favorite sports teams. The way they use symbols (like team logos or colors) and the meanings they attach to them reflect their social identities and group affiliations. Understanding how these symbols function in social interactions helps to illustrate the broader concepts of sociology, such as identity formation and community belonging.

Feminist theory has been a significant framework in sociology, focusing on the ways in which gender influences social structures and individual experiences. However, it has faced various critiques that highlight its limitations and biases. One major critique is that feminist theory often centers on the experiences of middle-class white women, potentially marginalizing the voices and experiences of women from different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. This critique emphasizes the need for an intersectional approach that considers how various identities (such as race, class, and sexuality) intersect and impact women’s experiences differently. Additionally, some argue that feminist theory can sometimes overlook the role of men in gender dynamics, leading to a one-dimensional understanding of gender relations. Critics also point out that certain strands of feminist theory may inadvertently reinforce traditional gender roles by focusing predominantly on victimization rather than empowerment. Understanding these critiques is essential for students as it encourages a more nuanced view of gender issues and promotes a more inclusive approach to feminist discourse.

Class inequality refers to the disparities in wealth, income, education, and access to resources that exist between different social classes. This concept is crucial in sociology as it helps to understand the structural factors that contribute to social stratification and the implications for individuals and society as a whole. One of the key aspects of class inequality is how it affects life chances, which are the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life based on their social class. For instance, individuals from higher social classes often have better access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, which can perpetuate the cycle of privilege. Conversely, those from lower social classes may face systemic barriers that hinder their ability to ascend the social ladder. Understanding class inequality also involves examining the role of cultural capital, social networks, and institutional biases that can reinforce these disparities. By analyzing these dynamics, sociologists can better comprehend the complexities of social mobility and the impact of policies aimed at reducing inequality. This question will test the student’s ability to apply their understanding of class inequality in a real-world context, encouraging them to think critically about the implications of social class on individual experiences.

In sociology, the concepts of power, authority, and political systems are crucial for understanding how societies are organized and governed. Power refers to the ability of individuals or groups to influence or control the actions of others, while authority is the recognized right to exercise power. Political systems are the structures that govern a society, including the rules and institutions that define how power is distributed and exercised. In this context, the question focuses on the distinction between different types of authority as defined by sociologist Max Weber. Weber identified three main types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational. Traditional authority is based on established customs and practices, charismatic authority arises from the personal appeal and extraordinary characteristics of a leader, and legal-rational authority is grounded in established laws and procedures. Understanding these distinctions is essential for analyzing how different political systems operate and how leaders gain legitimacy. The scenario presented in the question illustrates a situation where a leader’s authority is being challenged. This requires students to apply their understanding of authority types to real-world situations, enhancing their critical thinking and analytical skills. By evaluating the legitimacy of the leader’s power in the context of the scenario, students can better grasp the complexities of authority in political systems.

Labeling theory is a significant concept in sociology that explores how the labels assigned to individuals can influence their self-identity and behavior. This theory posits that when society labels someone as deviant, that label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading the individual to adopt the behaviors associated with that label. The theory emphasizes the social context of deviance, suggesting that it is not the act itself that is inherently deviant, but rather the societal reaction to that act. For instance, a student who is labeled as a troublemaker may begin to act out in ways that conform to that label, thus reinforcing the perception of their deviance. This process can lead to stigmatization, marginalization, and a cycle of deviance that is difficult to break. Understanding labeling theory is crucial for analyzing social interactions and the impact of societal perceptions on individual behavior. It also raises important questions about the role of power dynamics in labeling, as those in positions of authority often have the ability to define what is considered deviant behavior. By examining these dynamics, sociologists can better understand the complexities of social identity and the implications of labeling in various contexts.

Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses the beliefs, values, norms, and practices shared by a group of people. It shapes individuals’ identities and influences their behaviors and interactions within society. In sociology, understanding culture is crucial as it provides insight into how societies function and how individuals relate to one another. One important aspect of culture is the distinction between material and non-material culture. Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture, such as buildings, tools, and clothing. Non-material culture, on the other hand, includes the intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, norms, and language. In a scenario where a community is facing a cultural shift due to globalization, it is essential to analyze how both material and non-material culture are affected. For instance, the introduction of new technologies may alter communication styles (a non-material aspect), while the influx of foreign goods may change consumption patterns (a material aspect). Understanding these dynamics helps sociologists assess the impact of cultural changes on social cohesion, identity, and community values. This question will test students’ understanding of the relationship between material and non-material culture and how they manifest in real-world scenarios.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations. Understanding the types of deviance is crucial in sociology as it helps to analyze how societies define acceptable behavior and how they respond to those who deviate from these norms. There are two primary categories of deviance: formal and informal. Formal deviance involves violations of laws and regulations, leading to legal consequences, such as theft or assault. Informal deviance, on the other hand, encompasses behaviors that may not be illegal but still violate social norms, such as dressing inappropriately for a formal event or using offensive language in public. In this context, it is essential to recognize that deviance is not inherently negative; it can also lead to social change and the re-evaluation of norms. For instance, movements advocating for civil rights or LGBTQ+ rights were initially seen as deviant but have led to significant shifts in societal values. The question presented will require students to apply their understanding of these concepts to a real-world scenario, demonstrating their ability to identify the type of deviance exhibited and the implications it has on societal norms.

The question focuses on the concepts of race and ethnicity, which are fundamental topics in sociology. Race is often understood as a social construct that categorizes people based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, while ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from another. The distinction between race and ethnicity is crucial for understanding social dynamics, identity formation, and the implications of discrimination and privilege in society. In the scenario presented, the emphasis is on how individuals identify themselves and how they are perceived by others in a multicultural environment. This reflects the complexities of identity, where individuals may navigate multiple aspects of their identity, including race and ethnicity. The correct answer highlights the importance of self-identification in understanding one’s ethnic background, which is often influenced by cultural heritage, language, and shared history. The incorrect options present common misconceptions, such as conflating race with ethnicity or suggesting that ethnicity is solely based on physical traits, which can mislead students about the nuanced nature of these concepts. Understanding these distinctions is vital for analyzing social issues related to race and ethnicity, including systemic inequality, cultural representation, and the impact of globalization on identity. This question encourages students to think critically about how race and ethnicity shape individual experiences and societal structures.

Strain theory, developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, posits that society sets culturally approved goals and socially acceptable means to achieve those goals. When individuals are unable to achieve these goals through legitimate means, they experience strain or pressure, which may lead to deviant behavior. Merton identified five modes of individual adaptation to this strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Each mode represents a different response to the gap between societal goals and the means available to achieve them. For example, an individual who resorts to criminal activity to achieve financial success, despite knowing it is illegal, exemplifies the “innovation” mode. This theory is particularly relevant in understanding crime and deviance within socio-economic contexts, as it highlights how structural inequalities can lead to frustration and ultimately, deviance. By examining the motivations behind individuals’ actions, strain theory provides insight into the social conditions that foster criminal behavior, emphasizing the importance of addressing systemic issues to reduce deviance.

Class inequality refers to the disparities in wealth, income, education, and social status among different groups within society. It is a fundamental concept in sociology that examines how these inequalities affect individuals’ life chances and opportunities. One of the key frameworks for understanding class inequality is the concept of social stratification, which categorizes individuals based on their socio-economic status. This stratification can lead to significant differences in access to resources, such as quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. In the context of class inequality, sociologists often explore how structural factors, such as the economy, government policies, and cultural norms, perpetuate these disparities. For instance, individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds may face systemic barriers that hinder their ability to ascend the social ladder, such as inadequate schooling or limited networking opportunities. Additionally, class inequality can manifest in various forms, including intergenerational poverty, where the socio-economic status of parents influences the opportunities available to their children. Understanding class inequality is crucial for addressing social justice issues and developing policies aimed at reducing disparities. By analyzing the underlying causes and consequences of class differences, sociologists can contribute to discussions on equity and social reform.

Cooley’s Looking Glass Self is a sociological concept that describes how individuals form their self-concept and self-identity through social interactions. The theory posits that our self-perception is shaped by how we believe others perceive us. This process involves three main components: imagining how we appear to others, imagining how others judge that appearance, and developing a self-feeling (such as pride or shame) based on those judgments. This concept emphasizes the social nature of self-identity, suggesting that our understanding of ourselves is not formed in isolation but is significantly influenced by our interactions with others. In a practical context, consider a student who is preparing for a public speaking event. They may feel nervous about how their peers will perceive their performance. If they believe their classmates view them as competent and articulate, they may feel confident and perform well. Conversely, if they think their peers see them as awkward or unprepared, they may experience anxiety and perform poorly. This illustrates the dynamic nature of the Looking Glass Self, where the individual’s self-concept is continuously shaped and reshaped through social feedback. Understanding this concept is crucial for analyzing how identity is constructed in social contexts and how it can influence behavior and self-esteem.

Gender roles and expectations are social constructs that dictate the behaviors, attitudes, and responsibilities deemed appropriate for individuals based on their gender. These roles are deeply embedded in cultural norms and can vary significantly across different societies and historical periods. Understanding how these roles manifest in various contexts is crucial for analyzing social behavior and interactions. In contemporary society, traditional gender roles often face challenges due to changing perceptions of gender identity and equality. For instance, the expectation that women should primarily take on caregiving roles while men are seen as breadwinners is increasingly being questioned. This shift can lead to conflicts within families and workplaces as individuals navigate their identities and societal expectations. The scenario presented in the question aims to illustrate how these roles can influence personal decisions and societal dynamics, prompting students to think critically about the implications of gender expectations in real-life situations. By analyzing the scenario, students can explore the complexities of gender roles and their impact on individual choices and broader societal structures.

Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society based on various factors such as class, race, and gender. These factors significantly influence individuals’ access to resources, opportunities, and privileges. In this context, understanding how social stratification operates is crucial for analyzing societal dynamics and inequalities. The question presented focuses on the intersectionality of class and gender, which is a key concept in sociology. Intersectionality examines how different social categories, such as race, class, and gender, interact to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege. In the scenario provided, the focus is on a workplace setting where gender and class dynamics are at play. The correct answer highlights the impact of both gender and class on the experiences of individuals in the workplace, illustrating how these factors can compound to create specific challenges for women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The incorrect options, while plausible, either oversimplify the issue or misrepresent the complexities involved in social stratification. This question encourages students to think critically about how multiple social identities can influence an individual’s experience and opportunities in society.